The Statement of Purpose should describe your experience with academic and scholarly work and your aptitude for future contributions.
UC Berkeley provides an excellent outline of the material that should go into this essay, describing four essential components: 1) An introduction to yourself and your interests and motivations; 2) A summary of your undergraduate career and previous graduate school experience, if any; 3) A discussion of your recent activities and their relevance to what you want to do in graduate school; and 4) an elaboration of your academic interests. You can find the UC Berkeley instructions here. You can start your Statement of Purpose by using this outline and developing a list of things that belong within each category and then develop your list into an essay. You will also want to include mention of the professor(s) with whom your work aligns and who might act as mentors. Refer to the section on Potential Mentors to see examples of how this should be written.
Of course, this essay is going to be very different depending on the student and the program/degree for which you are applying. A chemistry major applying for a PhD will write something very different then an environmental activist applying for a Master in Public Policy. However, the basic structure and information will be the same. The length of the essay will depend on the school and program but here are some general guidelines. UC Davis asks for an essay that is 4000 characters including spaces. The UC Berkeley instructions recommend approximately 500 to 1000 well-selected words that will fit on 1-2 single space pages in 12 point font.
AH: Statement for PhD in Criminology, Law and Society
KH: Statement for Master in Public Policy
MR: Statement for Master in Public Health
RP: Statement for PhD in Biogeochemistry
VA: Statement for Master in Public Policy
Getting someone to read your essays for typos and grammatical errors is very helpful. It is also a good idea to have someone who is already accomplished in your field of interest review your essay. This is particularly important for those students who want to go into a scholarly discipline. You don’t have to be an expert (or you wouldn’t be applying for an advanced degree anyway), but you do need to sound like an insider to the discipline. Taking time to get this extra review is important.
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